dos. Product and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Particularly, this new WBQ will bring: (A) analysis into the profile of the participant; (B) tape off application into period of the earlier times out of solid and you will liquid eating, water or drinks of a semi-quantitative dining frequency survey (FFQ) out-of 58 items confirmed having quoting time consumption and also the even more sugar and you will honey that’s put into beverages; and you can (C) estimate off physical activity due to their the new Worldwide Exercise Survey (IPAQ) , hence facts lifetime of exercise during the three hobby levels (serious, average, mild do it) otherwise inactive conditions. The fresh new IPAQ has been verified in earlier times while the a cross-national tool to have recording physical exercise [20,21,22] and to imagine times expenditure.
The power and drinking water articles off submitted items and drinks is actually reviewed with the Diet plan Data Along with (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), hence uses composition studies about USDA Federal Mineral Database and selected Greek food (i.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles beans soup, several Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Predicated on full opportunity consumption and energy expenditure, times balance try analyzed as well.
Within this investigation, “drinks” relates to fruits liquid or packaged liquid 100% without sugar blogs, sugar-sweetened drinks (SSDs) (good fresh fruit nectar with glucose, carbonated drinks with glucose and energy/isotonic drinks), low calorie soft drinks, beverage and you will natural infusions, milk (all kinds of milk products, chocolate milk products and you can cocoa take in), milkshake and you may sherbets, coffee-and java drinks, and you will alcoholic drinks (alcohol, drink and all style of liquor). “Drink time intake (DEI)” identifies time consumption off beverages “complete times intake (TEI)” in order to time consumption away from every present and you can “time intake out of meals” so you can times intake out-of good and you may water foods (e.g., soups). This new sum off drinks organizations to help you total time consumption (study out of Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), shown as the overall drinking habits (TWI), i Д°talyanca kadД±nlar en gГјzel.age., liquids away from drinks, drinking water, good and liquid dishes and as drink water intake (DWI), i.elizabeth., liquid off drinks and you can liquid.
3. Statistical Analysis
Results are showed as the mean ± sd with the generally marketed variables and you can average (P25–P75) on skewed ones. Normality is checked utilising the chances–chances patch (P–P plot) and you can histograms. Differences between folks concerning your complete times consumption, opportunity out of drinks, times regarding edibles, times cost, times equilibrium, water intake, h2o out-of liquids and you may products, liquids off drinks, drinking water of drinking water, liquid from products, drinking water losses and drinking water balance had been analyzed on the separate shot t-test towards usually delivered parameters while the Mann-Whittney You-test with the skewed of them. Furthermore, differences between the four quartiles of time away from drinks was basically examined on the that-means ANOVA F-take to for the usually marketed parameters additionally the Kruskal-Wallis H Try on the skewed of those. Importance height is actually lay in the 5%. Correlations amongst the share from products in order to water intake within the relatives so you’re able to opportunity inside wintertime and you can june was in fact examined of the Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s relationship coefficients getting normally distributed or skewed variables. All statistical analyses did playing with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, il, IL, USA).